Udo Kruschwitz
2023
Exploring Fake News Detection with Heterogeneous Social Media Context Graphs
Gregor Donabauer
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Advances in Information Retrieval - 45th European Conference on Information Retrieval, ECIR 2023, Dublin, Ireland, April 2-6, 2023, Proceedings, Part II
Advances in Information Retrieval - 45th European Conference on Information Retrieval, ECIR 2023, Dublin, Ireland, April 2-6, 2023, Proceedings, Part II
Advances in Information Retrieval - 45th European Conference on Information Retrieval, ECIR 2023, Dublin, Ireland, April 2-6, 2023, Proceedings, Part II
Advances in Information Retrieval - 45th European Conference on Information Retrieval, ECIR 2023, Dublin, Ireland, April 2-6, 2023, Proceedings, Part III
Advances in Information Retrieval - 45th European Conference on Information Retrieval, ECIR 2023, Dublin, Ireland, April 2-6, 2023, Proceedings, Part III
Advances in Information Retrieval - 45th European Conference on Information Retrieval, ECIR 2023, Dublin, Ireland, April 2-6, 2023, Proceedings, Part I
Advances in Information Retrieval - 45th European Conference on Information Retrieval, ECIR 2023, Dublin, Ireland, April 2-6, 2023, Proceedings, Part I
2022
ur-iw-hnt at CheckThat!-2022: Cross-lingual Text Summarization for Fake News Detection
Hoai Nam Tran
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Proceedings of the Working Notes of CLEF 2022 - Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, Bologna, Italy, September 5th - to - 8th, 2022
2021
University of Regensburg @ PAN: Profiling Hate Speech Spreaders on Twitter
Kwabena Odame Akomeah
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Bernd Ludwig
Proceedings of the Working Notes of CLEF 2021 - Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, Bucharest, Romania, September 21st - to - 24th, 2021
University of Regensburg at CheckThat! 2021: Exploring Text Summarization for Fake News Detection
Philipp Hartl
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Proceedings of the Working Notes of CLEF 2021 - Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, Bucharest, Romania, September 21st - to - 24th, 2021
Making Sense of Subtitles: Sentence Boundary Detection and Speaker Change Detection in Unpunctuated Texts
Gregor Donabauer
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
David P. A. Corney
Companion of The Web Conference 2021, Virtual Event / Ljubljana, Slovenia, April 19-23, 2021
Signal Briefings: Monitoring News Beyond the Brand
James Brill
|
Dyaa Albakour
|
José Esquivel
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Miguel Martinez
|
Jon Chamberlain
Advances in Information Retrieval - 43rd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2021, Virtual Event, March 28 - April 1, 2021, Proceedings, Part II
Exploring the Incorporation of Opinion Polarity for Abstractive Multi-document Summarisation
Dominik Ramsauer
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Advances in Information Retrieval - 43rd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2021, Virtual Event, March 28 - April 1, 2021, Proceedings, Part II
2020
Towards a Framework for Harm Prevention in Web Search
Steven Zimmerman
|
Stefan Herzog
|
Jon Chamberlain
|
David Elsweiler
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Proceedings of the First Workshop on Bridging the Gap between Information Science, Information Retrieval and Data Science (BIRDS 2020) co-located with 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 2020), Xi'an, China (online only), July 30th, - 2020
Towards Search Strategies for Better Privacy and Information
Steven Zimmerman
|
Alistair Thorpe
|
Jon Chamberlain
|
Udo Kruschwitz
CHIIR '20: Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, Vancouver, BC, Canada, March 14-18, 2020
2019
Investigating the Interplay Between Searchers' Privacy Concerns and Their Search Behavior
Steven Zimmerman
|
Alistair Thorpe
|
Chris Fox
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Proceedings of the 42nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR 2019, Paris, France, July 21-25, 2019
Exploring Language Style in Chatbots to Increase Perceived Product Value and User Engagement
Ela Elsholz
|
Jon Chamberlain
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, CHIIR 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, March 10-14, 2019
Privacy Nudging in Search: Investigating Potential Impacts
Steven Zimmerman
|
Alistair Thorpe
|
Chris Fox
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, CHIIR 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, March 10-14, 2019
Rethinking 'Advanced Search': A New Approach to Complex Query Formulation
Tony Russell-Rose
|
Jon Chamberlain
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Advances in Information Retrieval - 41st European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2019, Cologne, Germany, April 14-18, 2019, Proceedings, Part II
Recognising Summary Articles
Mark Fisher
|
Dyaa Albakour
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Miguel Martinez-Alvarez
Advances in Information Retrieval - 41st European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2019, Cologne, Germany, April 14-18, 2019, Proceedings, Part I
2018
First International Workshop on Professional Search
Suzan Verberne
|
Jiyin He
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Gineke Wiggers
|
Birger Larsen
|
Tony Russell-Rose
|
Arjen P. de Vries
2018 Volume 52 Issue 2
First International Workshop on Professional Search (ProfS2018)
Suzan Verberne
|
Jiyin He
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Birger Larsen
|
Tony Russell-Rose
|
Arjen P. de Vries
The 41st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research & Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR 2018, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, July 08-12, 2018
2017
Searching the Enterprise
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Charlie Hull
2017 Volume 11 Issue 1
Personalised Query Suggestion for Intranet Search with Temporal User Profiling
Thanh Vu
|
Alistair Willis
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Dawei Song
Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Conference Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, CHIIR 2017, Oslo, Norway, March 7-11, 2017
2016
GamifIR 2016: SIGIR 2016 Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval
Michael Meder
|
Frank Hopfgartner
|
Gabriella Kazai
|
Udo Kruschwitz
2016 Volume 50 Issue 2
Report on the 1st International Workshop on Recent Trends in News Information Retrieval (NewsIR16)
Miguel Martinez-Alvarez
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Gabriella Kazai
|
Frank Hopfgartner
|
David P. A. Corney
|
Ricardo Campos
|
Dyaa Albakour
2016 Volume 50 Issue 1
Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval co-located with 39th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 2016), Pisa, Italy, July 21, 2016
Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval co-located with 39th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 2016), Pisa, Italy, July 21, 2016
Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Recent Trends in News Information Retrieval co-located with 38th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR 2016), Padua, Italy, March 20, 2016
Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Recent Trends in News Information Retrieval co-located with 38th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR 2016), Padua, Italy, March 20, 2016
Third International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval (GamifIR 2016)
Michael Meder
|
Frank Hopfgartner
|
Gabriella Kazai
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Proceedings of the 39th International ACM SIGIR conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR 2016, Pisa, Italy, July 17-21, 2016
First International Workshop on Recent Trends in News Information Retrieval (NewsIR'16)
Miguel Martinez-Alvarez
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Gabriella Kazai
|
Frank Hopfgartner
|
David P. A. Corney
|
Ricardo Campos
|
Dyaa Albakour
Advances in Information Retrieval - 38th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2016, Padua, Italy, March 20-23, 2016. Proceedings
2015
ECIR 2015 Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval (GamifIR'15)
Gabriella Kazai
|
Lumi
|
Frank Hopfgartner
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Michael Meder
2015 Volume 49 Issue 1
Profile-Based Summarisation for Web Site Navigation
Azhar Alhindi
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Chris Fox
|
M-Dyaa Albakour
2015 Volume 33 Issue 1
Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval co-located with the 37th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR 2015), Vienna, Austria, March 29, 2015
Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval co-located with the 37th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR 2015), Vienna, Austria, March 29, 2015
OnForumS: The Shared Task on Online Forum Summarisation at MultiLing'15
Mijail A. Kabadjov
|
Josef Steinberger
|
Emma Barker
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Massimo Poesio
Proceedings of the 7th Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation, FIRE 2015, Gandhinagar, India, December 4-6, 2015
Second International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval (GamifIR'15)
Frank Hopfgartner
|
Gabriella Kazai
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Michael Meder
|
Mark Shovman
Advances in Information Retrieval - 37th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2015, Vienna, Austria, March 29 - April 2, 2015. Proceedings
Signal: Advanced Real-Time Information Filtering
Miguel Martinez-Alvarez
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Wesley Hall
|
Massimo Poesio
Advances in Information Retrieval - 37th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2015, Vienna, Austria, March 29 - April 2, 2015. Proceedings
2014
Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval, GamifIR@ECIR '14, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, April 13, 2014
Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval, GamifIR@ECIR '14, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, April 13, 2014
Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval (GamifIR'14)
Frank Hopfgartner
|
Gabriella Kazai
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Michael Meder
Advances in Information Retrieval - 36th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2014, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, April 13-16, 2014. Proceedings
Exploring Adaptive Window Sizes for Entity Retrieval
Fawaz Khaled Alarfaj
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Chris Fox
Advances in Information Retrieval - 36th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2014, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, April 13-16, 2014. Proceedings
2013
Deriving query suggestions for site search
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Deirdre Lungley
|
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Dawei Song
2013 Volume 64 Issue 10
Site Search Using Profile-Based Document Summarisation
Azhar Alhindi
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Chris Fox
Proceedings of the 13th Dutch-Belgian Workshop on Information Retrieval, Delft, The Netherlands, April 26th, 2013
An Adaptive Window-Size Approach for Expert-Finding
Fawaz Khaled Alarfaj
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Chris Fox
Proceedings of the 13th Dutch-Belgian Workshop on Information Retrieval, Delft, The Netherlands, April 26th, 2013
Using predicate-argument structure to bootstrap a domain model for site search: results of a task-based evaluation
Suma Adindla
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Open research Areas in Information Retrieval, OAIR 2013, Lisbon, Portugal, May 15-17, 2013
Optimization of an Integrated Model for Automatic Reduction and Expansion of Long Queries
Dawei Song
|
Yanjie Shi
|
Peng Zhang
|
Yuexian Hou
|
Bin Hu
|
Yuan Jia
|
Qiang Huang
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Anne N. De Roeck
|
Peter Bruza
Information Retrieval Technology - 9th Asia Information Retrieval Societies Conference, AIRS 2013, Singapore, December 9-11, 2013. Proceedings
Exploiting Click Logs for Adaptive Intranet Navigation
Sharhida Zawani Saad
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Advances in Information Retrieval - 35th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2013, Moscow, Russia, March 24-27, 2013. Proceedings
A Pilot Study on Using Profile-Based Summarisation for Interactive Search Assistance
Azhar Alhindi
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Chris Fox
Advances in Information Retrieval - 35th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2013, Moscow, Russia, March 24-27, 2013. Proceedings
2012
Automatically structuring domain knowledge from text: An overview of current research
Malcolm Clark
|
Yunhyong Kim
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Dawei Song
|
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Stephen Dignum
|
Ulises Cerviño Beresi
|
Maria Fasli
|
Anne N. De Roeck
2012 Volume 48 Issue 3
Adaptation of the concept hierarchy model with search logs for query recommendation on intranets
Ibrahim Adepoju Adeyanju
|
Dawei Song
|
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Anne N. De Roeck
|
Maria Fasli
The 35th International ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR '12, Portland, OR, USA, August 12-16, 2012
Learning from users' querying experience on intranets
Ibrahim Adepoju Adeyanju
|
Dawei Song
|
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Anne N. De Roeck
|
Maria Fasli
Proceedings of the 21st World Wide Web Conference, WWW 2012, Lyon, France, April 16-20, 2012 (Companion Volume)
Learning Adaptive Domain Models from Click Data to Bootstrap Interactive Web Search
Deirdre Lungley
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Dawei Song
Advances in Information Retrieval - 34th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2012, Barcelona, Spain, April 1-5, 2012. Proceedings
Analysis of Query Reformulations in a Search Engine of a Local Web Site
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Nikolaos Nanas
|
Ibrahim Adeyanju
|
Dawei Song
|
Maria Fasli
|
Anne N. De Roeck
Advances in Information Retrieval - 34th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2012, Barcelona, Spain, April 1-5, 2012. Proceedings
2011
Using virtual documents to move information retrieval and knowledge management closer together
Danica Damljanovic
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
M-Dyaa Albakour
Proceedings of the fourth workshop on Exploiting Semantic Annotations in Information Retrieval, ESAIR 2011, Glasgow, United Kingdom, October 28, 2011
University of Essex at LogCLEF 2011: Studying Query Refinement
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Udo Kruschwitz
CLEF 2011 Labs and Workshop, Notebook Papers, 19-22 September 2011, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Applying Web Usage Mining for Adaptive Intranet Navigation
Sharhida Zawani Saad
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Multidisciplinary Information Retrieval - Second Information Retrieval Facility Conference, IRFC 2011, Vienna, Austria, June 6, 2011. Proceedings
University of Essex at the TREC 2011 Session Track
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Brendan Neville
|
Deirdre Lungley
|
Maria Fasli
|
Nikolaos Nanas
Proceedings of The Twentieth Text REtrieval Conference, TREC 2011, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, November 15-18, 2011
RGU-ISTI-Essex at TREC 2011 Session Track
Ibrahim Adeyanju
|
Dawei Song
|
Franco Maria Nardini
|
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Proceedings of The Twentieth Text REtrieval Conference, TREC 2011, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, November 15-18, 2011
Exploring Ant Colony Optimisation for Adaptive Interactive Search
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Nikolaos Nanas
|
Dawei Song
|
Maria Fasli
|
Anne N. De Roeck
Advances in Information Retrieval Theory - Third International Conference, ICTIR 2011, Bertinoro, Italy, September 12-14, 2011. Proceedings
Exploring Clustering for Multi-document Arabic Summarisation
Mahmoud El-Haj
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Chris Fox
Information Retrieval Technology - 7th Asia Information Retrieval Societies Conference, AIRS 2011, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, December 18-20, 2011. Proceedings
Enriching Query Flow Graphs with Click Information
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Ibrahim Adeyanju
|
Dawei Song
|
Maria Fasli
|
Anne N. De Roeck
Information Retrieval Technology - 7th Asia Information Retrieval Societies Conference, AIRS 2011, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, December 18-20, 2011. Proceedings
AutoEval: An Evaluation Methodology for Evaluating Query Suggestions Using Query Logs
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Nikolaos Nanas
|
Yunhyong Kim
|
Dawei Song
|
Maria Fasli
|
Anne N. De Roeck
Advances in Information Retrieval - 33rd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2011, Dublin, Ireland, April 18-21, 2011. Proceedings
2010
ECIR 2010: 32nd european conference on information retrieval research
Cathal Gurrin
|
Yulan He
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Suzanne Little
|
Stefan M. Rüger
2010 Volume 44 Issue 1
Sentence-Level Attachment Prediction
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Simon M. Lucas
Advances in Multidisciplinary Retrieval, First Information Retrieval Facility Conference, IRFC 2010, Vienna, Austria, May 31, 2010. Proceedings
University of Essex at the TREC 2010 Session Track
M-Dyaa Albakour
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Jinzhong Niu
|
Maria Fasli
Proceedings of The Nineteenth Text REtrieval Conference, TREC 2010, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, November 16-19, 2010
Recent Developments in Information Retrieval
Cathal Gurrin
|
Yulan He
|
Gabriella Kazai
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Suzanne Little
|
Thomas Roelleke
|
Stefan M. Rüger
|
Keith van Rijsbergen
Advances in Information Retrieval, 32nd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2010, Milton Keynes, UK, March 28-31, 2010. Proceedings
Advances in Information Retrieval, 32nd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2010, Milton Keynes, UK, March 28-31, 2010. Proceedings
Advances in Information Retrieval, 32nd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2010, Milton Keynes, UK, March 28-31, 2010. Proceedings
2009
Using Domain Models for Context-Rich User Logging
Stephen Dignum
|
Yunhyong Kim
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Dawei Song
|
Maria Fasli
|
Anne N. De Roeck
Proceedings of the Workshop on Understanding the User - Logging and Interpreting User Interactions in Information Search and Retrieval ( UIIR-2009 ), Boston, MA, USA, July 23, 2009. Workshop in Conjunction with SIGIR-2009 , Boston, MA, USA, July 19-23 2009
Automatically Maintained Domain Knowledge: Initial Findings
Deirdre Lungley
|
Udo Kruschwitz
Advances in Information Retrieval, 31th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2009, Toulouse, France, April 6-9, 2009. Proceedings
2006
Identifying Novel Information using Latent Semantic Analysis in the WiQA Task at CLEF 2006
Richard F. E. Sutcliffe
|
Josef Steinberger
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Mijail Alexandrov Kabadjov
|
Massimo Poesio
Working Notes for CLEF 2006 Workshop co-located with the 10th European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL 2006), Alicante, Spain, September 20-22, 2006
Identifying Novel Information Using Latent Semantic Analysis in the WiQA Task at CLEF 2006
Richard F. E. Sutcliffe
|
Josef Steinberger
|
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Mijail Alexandrov Kabadjov
|
Massimo Poesio
Evaluation of Multilingual and Multi-modal Information Retrieval, 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, Alicante, Spain, September 20-22, 2006, Revised Selected Papers
2005
Intelligent Document Retrieval - Exploiting Markup Structure
Udo Kruschwitz
2005 Volume 17
Users want more sophisticated search assistants: Results of a task-based evaluation
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Hala Al-Bakour
2005 Volume 56 Issue 13
2004
Exploiting markup structure for intelligent search
Udo Kruschwitz
2004 Volume 38 Issue 2
UKSearch: search with automatically acquired domain knowledge
Udo Kruschwitz
|
Hala Al-Bakour
SIGIR 2004: Proceedings of the 27th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Sheffield, UK, July 25-29, 2004
Co-authors
- M-Dyaa Albakour 15
- Gabriella Kazai 13
- Dawei Song 13
- Frank Hopfgartner 11
- Maria Fasli 10
- show all...
- Anne N. De Roeck 9
- Chris Fox 8
- Michael Meder 8
- Cathal Gurrin 6
- Miguel Martinez-Alvarez 5
- Dyaa Albakour 5
- Jon Chamberlain 5
- David P. A. Corney 4
- Nikolaos Nanas 4
- Deirdre Lungley 4
- Massimo Poesio 4
- Steven Zimmerman 4
- Jaap Kamps 3
- Annalina Caputo 3
- Fabio Crestani 3
- Maria Maistro 3
- Hideo Joho 3
- Lorraine Goeuriot 3
- Brian Davis 3
- Azhar Alhindi 3
- Ricardo Campos 3
- Yunhyong Kim 3
- Stefan M. Rüger 3
- Suzanne Little 3
- Yulan He 3
- Tony Russell-Rose 3
- Ibrahim Adeyanju 3
- Alistair Thorpe 3
- Josef Steinberger 3
- Sharhida Zawani Saad 2
- Fawaz Khaled Alarfaj 2
- Keith van Rijsbergen 2
- Thomas Roelleke 2
- Gregor Donabauer 2
- Ibrahim Adepoju Adeyanju 2
- Jiyin He 2
- Suzan Verberne 2
- Birger Larsen 2
- Arjen P. de Vries 2
- Hala Al-Bakour 2
- Richard F. E. Sutcliffe 2
- Mijail Alexandrov Kabadjov 2
- Stephen Dignum 2
- Mark Fisher 1
- Wesley Hall 1
- Mark Shovman 1
- Dominik Ramsauer 1
- José Esquivel 1
- Miguel Martinez 1
- James Brill 1
- Philipp Hartl 1
- Bernd Ludwig 1
- Kwabena Odame Akomeah 1
- Hoai Nam Tran 1
- Alistair Willis 1
- Thanh Vu 1
- Ela Elsholz 1
- Yuan Jia 1
- Yuexian Hou 1
- Qiang Huang 1
- Bin Hu 1
- Yanjie Shi 1
- Peter Bruza 1
- Peng Zhang 1
- Mahmoud El-Haj 1
- Suma Adindla 1
- Franco Maria Nardini 1
- Brendan Neville 1
- Jinzhong Niu 1
- Simon M. Lucas 1
- Mijail A. Kabadjov 1
- Emma Barker 1
- Danica Damljanovic 1
- David Elsweiler 1
- Stefan Herzog 1
- Malcolm Clark 1
- Ulises Cerviño Beresi 1
- Charlie Hull 1
- Gineke Wiggers 1
- Lumi 1