Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank.

@inproceedings{hager-2025-unidentified, author = {Philipp Hager and Onno Zoeter and Maarten de Rijke}, editor = {Hamed Zamani and Laura Dietz and Benjamin Piwowarski and Sebastian Bruch}, title = {{Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 2025 International ACM SIGIR Conference on Innovative Concepts and Theories in Information Retrieval, ICTIR 2025, Padua, Italy, 18 July 2025}}, pages = {347--357}, publisher = {ACM}, year = {2025}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3731120.3744604}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3731120.3744604} }