Reading Between the Lines: Towards Reliable Black-box LLM Fingerprinting via Zeroth-order Gradient Estimation.

@inproceedings{shao-2026-reading, author = {Shuo Shao and Yiming Li and Hongwei Yao and Yifei Chen and Yuchen Yang and Zhan Qin}, editor = {Hakim Hacid and Yoelle Maarek and Francesco Bonchi and Ido Guy and Emine Yilmaz}, title = {{Reading Between the Lines: Towards Reliable Black-box LLM Fingerprinting via Zeroth-order Gradient Estimation}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026, WWW 2026, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, originally scheduled for April 13-17, 2026, rescheduled for June 29 - July 3, 2026}}, pages = {2637--2648}, publisher = {ACM}, year = {2026}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792196}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792196} }