Diagnosing the bias iceberg in large language models: A three-level framework of explicit, evaluative, and implicit gender bias.

@article{xiang-2026-diagnosing, author = {Anling Xiang}, title = {{Diagnosing the bias iceberg in large language models: A three-level framework of explicit, evaluative, and implicit gender bias}}, journal = {Information Processing and Management}, volume = {63}, number = {4}, pages = {104554}, year = {2026}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IPM.2025.104554}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IPM.2025.104554} }