A Comprehensive Survey of Small Language Models in the Era of Large Language Models: Techniques, Enhancements, Applications, Collaboration with LLMs, and Trustworthiness.

@article{wang-2025-comprehensive, author = {Fali Wang and Zhiwei Zhang and Xianren Zhang and Zongyu Wu and Tzuhao Mo and Qiuhao Lu and Wanjing Wang and Rui Li and Junjie Xu and Xianfeng Tang and Qi He and Yao Ma and Ming Huang and Suhang Wang}, title = {{A Comprehensive Survey of Small Language Models in the Era of Large Language Models: Techniques, Enhancements, Applications, Collaboration with LLMs, and Trustworthiness}}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {145:1--145:87}, year = {2025}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3768165}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3768165} }